Any restraint can have devastating, unintended, long-term consequences, but the most dangerous form is face-down or face up, or prone and supine restraint. The following articles highlight the often-fatal dangers of prone restraint.
The lethal Hazard of Prone Restraint:
Positional Asphyxiation
Protection and Advocacy, INC. Investigations Unit
Oakland, California - April 2002
http://www.advocacycenter.org/documents/The_Lethal_Hazard_of_Prone_Restraint.pdf
The Use of Seclusion is NOT Evidence-Based Practice
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, Oct-Dec 2001 by Finke, Linda M
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3892/is_200110/ai_n8993463/
American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Seclusion & Restraint - Some Surprising Finding
Kim J. Masters, M.D.
http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/member_information/practice_information/sep/oct_2005_aacap_news_seclusion_restraint_some_surprising_findings
Jan/Feb 2006 AACAP News - Seclusion & Restraint - Rediscovering Pathways to Compassionate CareAmerican Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/member_information/practice_information/jan/feb_2006_aacap_news_seclusion_restraint_rediscovering_pathways_to_compassionate_care
Unavoidable Risks of Injury Associated with the use of Takdowns in Restraint
Medscape Today 2006
http://doctor.medscape.com/viewarticle/528949_3
There's No Such Thing as a Safe Restraint
Wanda K. Mohr, PhD, APRN, BC, FAAN
Monday March 10, 2008
http://include.nurse.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080310/NJ02/80305005
Catalogue of incompetence shows dangers of restraint
United Kingdom, November 1, 2006
http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/nov/01/mentalhealth.socialcare
List of Known Restraint Deaths
http://www.caica.org/NEWS%20Deaths%20List%20of%20Names%20-names%20omitted.htm